What Is an Educated Filipino free essay sample

â€Å"Education isn’t the amount you have focused on memory, or even the amount you know. It’s having the option to separate between what you know and what you don’t†. â€Anatole France-Life itself offered an instruction as you probably are aware it, without the correct needs, bow would you be able to call it life when you abhor it? This is one as I would see it I feel that is a higher priority than casual training. Ordinarily I’ve heard â€Å"it isn't what you know, however who you know†. We Filipinos are given the option to be taught, however what are the perspectives that we should have to be called an informed Filipino? I think this is the ideal opportunity for us to have the elements of training. We should have the capacity, the information and the mentality that will assist us with supporting ourselves as well as other people. Training makes a man what his identity is and what he does. We will compose a custom exposition test on What Is an Educated Filipino or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It picks his confidence and when he is on the correct way, he leaves him in his own, settle on his own choices with his new existence with instruction. It shows the encompassing individuals what your identity is, the thing that you like and what you don’t. Training must be utilized the correct method to be drive out the vast majority of life. No one but training can help you later on, so why misuse it, and take it in the event that you can! As I read the article of Francisco Benitez entitled â€Å"what is an informed Filipino†, I wind up understanding that it’s not just the information being instructed in school can let others to consider us an informed one however it is likewise on how we arrangement to our fellowmen, to our nation, and obviously to our selves. Through hardships throughout everyday life and we figure out how to be an all the more getting individual. Instruction and life are a long way from being done, yet that life and training is an excursion. We can't experience life and get the hang of nothing for to try and make it that we know nothing, we have likewise understood that there is such a great amount of else throughout everyday life and that could be training.

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Session Long Project Essay

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Session Long Project - Essay Example One such right is representative security. This incorporates physical and data security. No organization can abuse the worker protection on the grounds of different moral structures. On the off chance that we take a gander at testing or reconnaissance of representatives without their assent on GPS or through some other methods for innovation, we can say that it ought to be disheartened on the grounds that it renders a bigger number of burdens than points of interest to the general public. For instance, by following you representatives through GPS, you are getting sure private data and some data they might not have any desire to let you know. This strips them of their key right. It may help the firm on diminishing the current packaging robbery and spare them a ton of cash. These advantages are just for the firm. In the event that we take a gander at the weaknesses achieved by this reconnaissance of workers without their assent, they will incorporate costs, for example, costs for the organization, cost for the general public and cost for the representative who is being observed. For the firm, the expense would be the expense of hardware being utilized. For the gene ral public, the expense would be that the cash spent on new innovation could have been utilized for the advantages of the workers. For representatives, these costs will be express, For instance, this may give them stress. This may likewise cause them to lose their employment. Be that as it may, regardless of whether the employee’s observation is legitimized or not is far from being obviously true. As a matter of fact, there are more possibilities that the worker reconnaissance done by The Coca-Cola Company through GPS framework is supported. An organization which is as large as Coca-Cola itself by and large ganders at the costs they are confronted with before taking such choices and possibly go with the choice if the advantages surpass the expenses. Subsequently, they should esteem it as increasingly worthwhile and henceforth chose to go ahead with it. Be that as it may, organizations are for the most part worried about their own expense and advantage investigation and they m ay have

Tons of Traffic, but Few Conversions Three Ideas for Repurposing Blog Traffic

Tons of Traffic, but Few Conversions Three Ideas for Repurposing Blog Traffic Did they say that hard work pays?Well, it doesn’t seem to have paid in your case.You worked hard to produce original content for your blog only to get traffic that does you no good.Ok, let’s be a bit positive.Your hard work did pay off. You got lots of traffic. The very thing every blogger and online marketer dreams of.But surely, getting lots of traffic isn’t the end, is it?Your tons of traffic was meant to lead to tons of conversions, right?Yet this isn’t the case. You have the traffic but very few conversions. Obviously something somewhere is not right.You might be encouraged to know that you are not alone in this. You are not the only blogger to experience this. That however is not to mean that you can safely and confidently remain in the situation.You need to do something. Fast.But before you rush to doing anything, slow down a little and understand the problem first.Because if you don’t, you are bound to experience it again.WHY YOU HAVE TRAFFIC BUT NO CONVERSIONSImagi ne operating a retail store and you see many customers walking in. You would be excited, expecting that sales will be high. But what if the customers just walked around and bought nothing?In the same way, from your blog, you should see visitors taking the action you hoped they would. To understand the situation, below are some possible reasons.Your offers are not compelling enough.You have something valuable you are selling. Or at least giving out. But if people are not buying or showing interest in the giveaway, then they obviously don’t think they need it.In case they know they need it but still don’t take it, then it’s an issue of them not being convinced.Simply put, you have not convinced them of the need of what you are offering.If they are not convinced, then the likely problem could be caused by one of two things, or both:Value propositionWhatever you are offering, be it a product or service, it must prove itself valuable even before it is bought. Your readers must see the value they will get from what you are offering. If they can’t see that, they won’t buy.Understand that your readers have a problem. Actually, many problems. But for the one which has brought them to your site, they expect you to help them with it.So, as they read through your blog, they are looking for what will convince them you can help them.The reason they are not buying, might be because they haven’t seen the value of it as described in your blog. They might be sensing too much hype, making them do the opposite of what you hoped for.Your messageHow you communicate matters. You may have a great product but poor communication. And when it comes to online marketing, you really have to invest in stellar communication.This is where you bring in a professional copywriter. If you are the copywriter, you should take this situation to mean you are not writing well enough.If for some reason you cannot hire a pro, then you need to learn how to write great copy.Copy is the materia l which is intended to sell a product or service. This is more like the transcript of an advertisement.If you have a quality product, then you need the right words to talk about it.You are using high-volume keywords.Keywords are key in SEO. If you are to enjoy any success in online marketing, you must know how to implement SEO. At least the basics.With many aspects of SEO being necessary to the establishing of a strong brand, keywords are easily the simplest implementation of them all. Still, there are different kinds of keywords.It happens that the easiest to work with are the high-volume keywords. This is because they are very attractive to marketers and bloggers since they draw in massive traffic.Keyword research tools make it easy to know which keywords are being searched for most. As a result, many people go for those with the highest searches.The reasoning is simple and quite true in theory: the more the traffic, the more the conversions. In reality though, the best that can b e produced by these keywords is a higher number of possible conversions.Be sure to get the difference: more traffic doesn’t guarantee more conversions. It merely provides an opportunity for more conversions.Using the example given earlier of a retail store, more traffic is like more customers in the store. The high number of people does not guarantee purchases. It just increases the possibility of high sales.It is after attracting the traffic that you need to think harder about convincing them to buy.If you are getting tons of traffic but little conversions, then it could be because you used high-volume keywords.Apart from greatly lowering your conversion rates, consider the below potential downsides of these keywords.High bounce ratesHigh bounce rates are one of the things everyone wants to avoid, including you. High bounce rates indicate that there are too many visitors to your site who leave soon after landing there.This can be a big discouragement to you when you are working h ard to build your brand. With a high bounce rate, you will never build trust with your visitors.Also, you will not successfully create awareness for your brand and worse still, may struggle repairing the damage caused.Higher costs for clicksVery few websites exist on the internet without some form of Pay Per Click (PPC) advertising. Some refer to it as Cost Per Click (CPC). If you have these running on your site and they are part of the traffic source, you are in trouble.Many people are seeing your ads and clicking them.They may be on the search engine search results page or hosted on other websites.Since you pay for the times the ads are clicked, then you will surely be paying a lot of money. This wouldn’t have been a problem if you were getting what you were looking for. But now that you aren’t, it is therefore an extra cost.An unnecessary cost. This underscores the need to act quickly.Wasted lead generation effortsLead generation is important for your blogging business. You a im to cultivate your prospects and bring them to a point of making a decision. The more decisions are made the better. You therefore naturally put in efforts in this noble task.But when you have a lot of traffic, you will definitely get a lot of irrelevant inquiries. Some people may simply not have seen what they wanted then opted to ask you about it.Maybe even call you.Only for you to realize that the conversation is headed nowhere.You may probably not respond to some of the form submissions, thus saving some efforts.But what about the time it took you to read or skim through them? Your time is just as important as any other resource you have. And when it’s not used for productivity, then it’s getting wasted.You have not achieved authority status.Another reason you may be facing this situation is because your readers are yet to see you as an authority in your niche.The fact that you are having much traffic is not necessarily a reflection of your authority on the subject you blo g about. It could be that you get the traffic simply because of numerous backlinks or some pretty good referrals.For you to make significant headway in your blogging business, you need to become an authority of some sorts. Or, in words which are more blogger-oriented, you need to become an influencer.If the problem is lack of authority, then you have some work to do. It is not difficult anyway. And to prove it, here are six things you can do to become an authority in your niche.Define your niche betterAlthough you may have done this before you started blogging, do not ignore the possible need to go back to it. This could be the difference between thriving and struggling.When you look at how big brands do business, you will learn a valuable lesson about defining your niche. For example, there are car manufacturers who focus only on luxury.Some go ahead and focus purely on the super luxury.If you were to check their sales figures, they would be too low to compare with brands which sel l to the not-so-wealthy customers.For instance, Toyota has a hold on this niche whereas others like Rolls Royce have a hold on the luxury niche.When you understand your niche well, you focus on it and eventually attract only that. Your niche will always pay off.Pursuing a broad niche, like Toyota, can also work. But you will need to come up with some smart ways to push your brand.Know your customerOnce your niche is well defined, then you can study your prospective customer. What kind of interests does he have? What is he likely to respond to? Which words must you use in your writing? What style should you write in? How often should you write?Knowing your customer also helps you solve the very problematic issue of high volume keywords. This is because you will know exactly which keywords to use.Since you have narrowed your focus, this becomes easier.If you are targeting the masses, you can still narrow down your focus and have a sub-niche. For example, if you are a fashion blogger, you could focus on men’s fashion.If there are many in that sub-niche, you can decide to focus on men’s suits.Be uniqueUnless you are inventing something totally new, you will have to make your product stand out. The internet is definitely a crowded place and you need to be unique. This is what is referred to having a Unique Selling Point (USP). This is what you will use to draw customers to your blog. If you want sign-ups, this is what you will use to show your content is very different from what is out there.Here are some tips on determining your Unique Selling Point.Write valuable contentThere will never be enough emphasis about the quality of content you have to write for maximum, or even considerable conversions. Content is primarily what will make you stand out. You may have a great product but the message is what will make it known.Whatever your product is, ensure it is valuable.This value is then what you will sell.Using the right words and writing style, communicating th is value will bring you the results you expect.Join relevant forumsThis is so important that if you fail to do it, you might take years to make a name. People are always talking, although it may not be on the comments section of your blog. It may not even be on your Facebook page.You will need to find out where the people in your niche meet up.Register to become a member then start participating in the conversations.Be careful not to directly market yourself, unless it is the norm in that platform.Since you are after customers, you need to go to open forums where people discuss about your niche. These people shouldn’t just be businesses but there should be customers too.Be on the lookout for questions asked and give very good and helpful answers. If you can be the first one to answer, the better.Gradually, you will be noticed for your expertise and when you link an answer to your blog, the people who visit will do exactly what you want them to do.Use testimonialsLastly, you have t o prove yourself to be valuable. But this you can’t just do using your own words. Let other people say it. Encourage people to share their experience working with you. Or their experience with the advice you gave them.You can ask for comments about the newsletters you send out then include that feedback on your blog.When new blog visitors see the positive feedback from other customers, then you stand better chances of being trusted more quickly.Studies show that feedback influences customers’ decisions. When a customer sees that other customers trust you, then it makes it easier for them to choose you too.This is why online stores   encourage buyers to give product reviews.Generally speaking, products with more positive reviews get bought more than those without.We have looked at the problem and seen how it might have come about. So what next?REPURPOSING YOUR BLOG TRAFFICIf you have been looking at the data and felt frustrated, cheer up. We have some advice for you.Just as junk materials are repurposed to produce more usable products, so can you repurpose the seemingly junk traffic.It might interest you to know that those numbers are not useless.As much as they are not giving you what you want, they provide a very good opportunity.You just have to know what to do with it.1. Redirect the Traffic to a Landing PageIf what you want are conversions, then you can have them. And one of the ways to repurpose the amount of traffic which is not converting is to redirect it to a landing page.Landing pages are a smart way of making conversions. They are mostly viewed as the first step in the lead generation process.The idea is simple: anyone who lands there and makes a move is a potential conversion.How do you know that?Because that is what the landing page is all about. Landing pages are designed to filter traffic. Anyone taking the action described is essentially saying that they want what you are offering. The trick is in designing the page in a way which will make people take action.When you redirect the heavy traffic to a landing page created to do the job well, you will certainly see results.Since the communication on the page is clear and direct, anyone who is not for your product will leave. But anyone who is for it will surely buy.This option gives you a very ideal solution in which there is no loss at all on your side. If many leave, then no problem. They were leaving in the first place. If many buy, then you have an advantage.You can however be sure of one thing: if you do it right, you will see an increase in conversions. Here are some tips to help you set up a landing page. If you already have one but it’s under-performing, then you can make it better.1.1 Have a killer headline Landing page headlines are important not only for content but also for your landing page. The headline must be a serious attention grabber since it is what will determine whether the visitor stays longer.It must also be short. In fact, as short as possible. Not too short to be unable to provide meaning but short enough to arouse expectation.1.2 Use sub-headlinesYour sub-headline is the slightly-long description of your product. Normally, it comes right under your headline though this is not totally necessary.It’s possible that your overall communication about your offering may not make sense coming after the headline.You can have it above the headline but ensure it doesn’t stand out more than the headline.Choose a few words which will stand out and use them as your headline.Keep the font of your headline bigger than the sub-headline so as to communicate that it’s the headline.1.3 Include visualsIt is always a good idea to include an image. However, this is not a must. It is purely dependent on what your product is. If you think an image will help drive the point home, then use one.Along the lines of images are the use of videos.These can come in handy especially when your product requires some explanations.You can also use a vide o for when you want to include some entertainment aspect to your landing page.1.4 Your landing page should load fastIt is disappointing to click an ad on the search engine results page then watch the screen for more than 5 seconds waiting for the page to load. If this is the behavior of your page, then no-one will wait for your content to load.Ideally, your pages should not take more than 3 seconds to load. If they take anything around 5 seconds, then you need to work on them. Learn how to make pages load faster and improve them.1.5 Include trust signalsYour landing page should not lack any of the various types of trust signals. Trust signals prove to the skeptical reader that you can be trusted.A popular trust signal is Testimonials. These tell the blog visitor that other people have interacted with you and found you to be trustworthy.This makes the visitor confident in doing business with youâ€"whatever the business is.2. Use the Numbers to Show CredibilityAnother great way of mak ing use of the traffic you already have is by utilizing it for building trust. This will prove to be very beneficial regardless of how many loyal readers you already have.However, if you are having a problem with non-converting traffic, then it is possible that you haven’t achieved much credibility in the eyes of your readers.How do you do this?Use any of the traffic analysis tools available online.To make a strong case for yourself, avoid stating that you have X number of visitors every month. That is too general and many bloggers are doing that.Remember that you are working to increase conversions. Even if you are not converting your currently many visitors, build your base afresh for the new visitors. Break down the figures as much as possible. This is for your own analysis.Is the traffic coming only to one blog post? If so, then it means it is only that one post that has numerous backlinks.You can update it and include your numbers to draw in people. You will also use the stat s on your home page. If you have a landing page, include them there too.The idea is to ensure that people know your resources are widely read. That is your first step towards becoming an authority in your niche.If the traffic is hitting several blog posts, then do an average and indicate that individual posts get read by an average of X people.If you are able to get the time the traffic usually gets to your site, then you can also disclose that your posts get read X minutes after publishing them.All these will go a long way in establishing your credibility to new readers. People tend to believe facts and figures and so use these to your advantage. Just keep in mind that you need to up your writing game.Do more copywriting or get a professional to do it because you have to soon start converting your new visitors.If they still get disappointed, then your efforts will have been wasted yet they were meant to rescue you from a bad situation.3. Generate Revenue Using AdsThe last idea we w ill share is to “sell” your traffic. Yes, you can sell your traffic. In fact, many blogs do that. The only thing you should never sell is people’s personal details, i.e. names, email addresses etc.This is closely tied to the above idea of building credibility. In this case however, you are not the one benefiting from your traffic. At least not directly.You will actually be giving others an opportunity to benefit from your traffic. If you for example have 500,000 unique visitors per month, then your blog is a prime advertising platform. There are businesses looking for the right places to advertise.In case you do not know any, do not be afraid of asking. You can start on your blog. Strategically position an ad for advertising space somewhere on your posts. This has to be very visible.Mention some of the figures and ask the people interested to contact “sales.” Create a special email address for this or if you want, let the communication come through your default “info” email address.Designate the size of the banners to indicate the space in your blog you are willing to sell.Unlike someone who is looking for traffic, you already have it. And so, once you implement these ideas, you will instantly see the results.CONCLUSIONRejoice for you now have a remedy to the situation at hand.Implement it and come share the experience with us on the comments section below.

Why did George W. Bush win the 2004 presidential election Free Essay Example, 2500 words

â€Å"George W. Bush got the huge anti-gay vote and so got another four years in the White House† (Coleman, 2004). Bush would also supposedly save them from Armageddon by preventing another attack by Muslim extremists despite all evidence to the contrary as the country had already been attacked because he ignored intelligence reports. Christian television and radio programmes openly advanced the conservative agenda reminding their flock that although the curtain was closed, God would be watching how they voted. While religious support is not the primary explanation for Bush’s victory, it accounts for a significant portion of the reason. It also served to further divide an already divided nation of the reasonable and illogical factions. Both sides were extremely fervent in their opinions regarding the candidates and their respective ideologies. â€Å"In truth, not only is there a culture divided between Bush and Kerry supports, but they seem to inhabit separate realiti es and different views on religion’s role in voting (which is) only one dissimilarity between their two disparate worlds† (Dean, 2004). Bush strategists put forth the notion that their candidate was of higher moral character than the opponent. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did George W. Bush win the 2004 presidential election or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The American press focused on the emotionally charged, sensationalistic ‘moral values’ aspect of the campaign which only intensified the conservatives resolve in their convictions. It was the Economist, a British publication, that bothered to check the facts when it reported that â€Å"the percentage of American voters citing moral and ethical values as their prime concern is actually down† from previous elections (â€Å"The Triumph†, 2004). The Bush political machine spent $270 million, a record amount, on an aggressive grass-roots campaign directed not only toward evangelicals but to blacks, Hispanics and women as well. â€Å"Bush’s image of leadership, his focus on security, the fact that 9/11 hasn’t happened again within this country’s borders convinced Americans, especially women with families to protect† (Trei, 2004).

Analysis Of The Structure Hamlet - 1233 Words

Stability, Sanity, and Structure (Analysis of the structure in Shakespeare’s Hamlet) Structure is in our lives all around us; we see it in work lives, our home lives, in our owe bodies, and even more so in the curriculum that kids are learning at school. Structure, in all aspects, is constructed according to a plan. It gives a sense of assembly and backbone to whatever we are looking at. We see structure is in the information students are attaining at school, especially in the literary sense. Many authors are not only known for the message their work sends, but also the literary structure they present. Great literary works are often great not because the author was great, or the words were great, but because it had great structure. Structure in a piece of literature is pivotal to the success of the work. If an author can t decide where to start and finish his ideas, what order to put them in, or what form to put his work in then he lacks structure. One great example of an author who does this is william shakespeare. Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and co mmonly regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He has written quite the handful of plays including Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. In his work of Hamlet, Shakespeare presents structure that helps the audience better understand and connect to the play. The structure presented in Shakespeare’s Hamlet include his soliloquies, the play within the play, and finally his play on words. To begin,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayal of Hamlet s revenge is not a worthy journey because he never finds his self worth, distracted between what will exemplify his purpose, and what will make him a failure in the memory of Denmark. Three quotes with analysis explaining thesis: Act 1 Scene 5 Ghost: â€Å" But know, thou noble youth, Hamlet: â€Å"Oh My Prophetic Soul! 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I have includedRead MoreComparison Of Ophelia And Hamlet By William Shakespeare1382 Words   |  6 PagesAUTHOR’S NOTE I went a little over when I was writing this analysis but I wanted to pack in as much information as I could. I took what I felt were the three major points of this play with women in it. I analyzed how Shakespeare portrayed and meant the two major female characters to be (Ophilia and Gertrude), and an example of the interactions between Ophelia and Hamlet, as they were very consistent throughout the story, and are an interesting but very easy display of societal norms at that timeRead MoreI Am Writing At The Spring 2015 Semester Of Mrs. Miller s Engl 112 Dual Enrollment College1577 Words   |  7 Pagesextensive editing to the essay to make sure that the argument was better developed. We switched gears pretty drastically for our next paper, an analysis of a literary device that developed the argument of Hamlet. 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Animal Rebellion in Animal Farm Free Essays

Animal Farm by George Orwell is a story about a group of animals that rebel to get their freedom. It is a story about a society with excellent ideas for progress, that starts with good management, but eventually becomes corrupt. It is a devastating satire on the Russian Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Rebellion in Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story elements are matched by a simple prose style. This novel is a straightforward piece of story-telling, which makes the theme of the story pretty clear: totalitarianism is not to be trusted and the communist revolution changed virtually nothing. George Orwell used some literary elements such as plot, characterization, irony, and allusion to present and emphasize the theme of the story. First, Orwell used the plot and characters to present the theme of the story. For instance, the pigs and dogs took most of the power for themselves, thinking they were the best administrators of government. This shows that they were giving themselves attributions and were starting to be unequal. Eventually, the power corrupted them and they killed many of their fellow animals to eliminate competition. Also, Orwell used the pigs to represent the leaders of the Russian government during the 1920†³s, such as Lenin and Stalin. This illustrates how the author used characters, in this case the pigs, to describe the way some leaders acted while they were in charge of their government. Overall, by using a suspenseful but explicit plot, and a personification of animals, Orwell made the reader understand the corruption that surrounded the Russian government. In addition, Orwell used the irony and allusion to present the theme of the story. For example, it is ironic how the animals never remembered any of the commandments clearly, and every time Squealer changed them, nobody noticed it, except Benjamin. This shows how much confidence the animals had on their leaders. They believed that after Mr. Jones had left, now they were supposedly â€Å"their own masters†. Also, Orwell used allusion by presenting a rebellion of animals, which made reference to the Russian Revolution of 1917. This shows how the author used animals to indirectly criticize the leaders of the Russian government during the revolution. By making reference to historical events from the past, the author made a link between the past and present actions and how they relate to one another. Therefore, Animal Farm shows how revolutionary ideals of justice, equality and fraternity always shatter in the moment in which they are going to be practiced. Animal Farm concerns one of the central political experiences of our time: revolution. It is a story about a revolution for an ideal, and about how the ideal is increasingly betrayed until it disappears altogether from the new ociety after the revolution. Because of the corruption within the pig leaders, the animals on the farm ended perhaps even worse than when Mr. Jones was in charge. Every time men and women decide to change the system of government they were born under, there has been a revolution. Orwell is trying to get to the point that revolutions are leading to eventual destruction of society. All in all, there is always going to be a social status that will divide men and economic classes from one another. How to cite Animal Rebellion in Animal Farm, Essay examples

Police in ancient India Essay Example For Students

Police in ancient India Essay Ð nupam Sharma The concept of rule of taw and the administration of justice has heen known to exist in India ever since the vedas came to be recognised as they were synthesis of Drame Maintenance of law and order prevention and detention of crime in the society is the prime responsibility of police since ancient limes so that selfish elements may not supress and exploit the weak and harmony could be maintained in the society The prime characteristics of ancient police sy stem was its community orientation, functional specialisation, decentralisation and expertizaon. To a great extent the accountability of police force was towards the masses. Conceptually, the word ‘police’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ that is a city. The Latin ‘Politeia’ which means conditions of a state or government. However, in administrative terminology police is being considered as an executive civil force of a state to which is entrusted the duty of maintenance of public order and enforcing regulations for prevention and detention of crime. Succinctly, it may be said that the police came in existence in society with the existence of man. The term ‘Police’ according to the Oxford dictionary means â€Å"a system of regulation for the preservation of order and the enforcement of law. According to the Royal Commission on Police Powers and Procedure 1929, a Policeman is a person paid to perform, as a matter of duty, acts, which, if he were so minded, he might have one voluntarily. The concept of rule of law and the administration of justice has been known to exist in India ever since t he Vedas came to be recognized as they were synthesis of Dhrama. The concept of crime was there. Manu classified crimes fewer than eighteen heads amongst which, were included assault, defamation, theft, robbery, adultery, violence, gambling and betting. Manu refers to the police function prevalent in his times for the prevention and detention of crime. According to P.V. Kane, the police problems of the most ancient village communities of India were confirmed mainly to cattle theft, murder and adultery. The police problems of the most ancient village communities of India were confined mainly to cattle theft, murder and adultery. Balmiki’s Ramayana furnishes glimpses of policemen on patrol security, guards and spies. The Apasthamba Dharmasatra (600-300 BC) prescribes that the king should appoint in towns and villages officers and subordinates, who are pure and truthful for the protection of the subjects against thieves and who arc to be made to make good what is stolen, that is, ‘if the king docs not punish the guilty, he incurs sinâ₠¬â„¢, that, in disputes judges should be men of learning, clever and fulfilling their duties, and that â€Å"witnesses were to tell the truth. In the Bhagvadgita the good qualities ascribed to a gentleman can very well be fixed for a policeman. â€Å"Fearlessness, purity of mind, wise apportionment of knowledge and concentration, charity, self control and sacrifice, study of the scriptures, austerity and uprightness. â€Å"Non-violence, truth, freedom from anger, renunciation, tranquillity, aversion to fault findings, compassion to living beings, freedom from covetousness gentlenese, modesty and steadiness (absence of fickleness)†. â€Å"Vigour, forgiveness, fortitude, purity, freedom from malice and excessive pride-these, PandaVa (Arjuna), are the endowments of him who is born in the divine nature†. Mauryan Period If we take Mauryan administrative system into consideration it may be evident that Mauryan empire was truly a Police State. The entire system was bifurcated in Pranta, now known as Province, Pradesh known as commissioners, Vishaya known as district, Nagar as cities and Gram as village. The head of such district used to be known as   Vishayapati. He was responsible to maintain peace while preventing and detecting crimes in the district. The district further devisable in sthaniya, generally constituted on 800 villages and functioning under the charge of an officer known as Sthanic. Sthaniya was further divided in the administrative units of Kharvatik, Dronmukh and Sangrahan, Gop was the officer at this stage and responsibility was to maintain law and order in his area of operation. The village head-man known as Gramini was responsible for the police activities in the village. He used to discharge his duties with the help of village community. Thus at the grassroot level, in those day s a collective policing was in operation. Bach officer was accountable to his superior one and thus he used to report about the problems to his senior officers who were supposed to take proper action. Apart from this general police structure the special police with a functional specialization was also operative. For instance, officer like Chaur Rajjuka and Vivitadhyaksha were considered to be an expert in apprehending thieves. The officer may be considered as predecessor to present times C.I.D. Briefly, this was the district police organization. In the district generally a few towns were also functional which had a different police organization. Normally the cities or towns used to be set-up for strategic and economic reasons and they used to be called according to their nature. For instance, if a city had a fort it used to be known as Durg Nagar. Similarly, a river town may be called as pattan and a general town as Sthaniya. The chief of the town police was known as Nagaradhyaksha or Nagarik. He may be considered as the counterpart to the commissioner of police of the present days. .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .postImageUrl , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:hover , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:visited , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:active { border:0!important; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:active , .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040 .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89afb59d91b38192886920549e9df040:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fab India Case Study EssayThe duties of the Nagarikas who later on came to be known as Kotwal, have been defined in detail by Kautilya. As per contemporary municipal laws, measters of houses were to report the arrival or departure of strangers and way fairers and catch hold of persons of doubtful characters and possessed of destructive weapons. Suspicious persons were to be arrested and punished. Even persons throwing dirt on the street were to be punished. The Nagarikas were expected to maintain law and order and look after the administration of jails and check up daily the defence of the city. He took custody of the lost property. Elaborate arrangements were made for the protection of the fire. The detailed duties of Nagarikas were thus described by Kautilya â€Å"persons whose family subsist on slender means of inheritance, who have little or no comfort, who frequently change their residence, caste and the names   not only of themselves but also of their family (Gotra), who conceal their own avocations and calls, who have been taken themselves to such luxurious modes of life as eating flesh and condiments, drinking liquor, wearing flower garlands, fine dress and jewels, who have been squandering away their money, who constantly move with profligate women, gamblers, or virtues, who frequently leave their residence who hold secret meeting in lonely places near to, or far from, their residence, who hurry as to get their wounds or boils cured these and other persons may be suspected to be either murderers or robbers or offenders guilty of misappropriation of treasure trove or deposits or to be any other kind of subsisting by foul means secretly emp loyed. The entire city used to be divided into four parts, each part being headed by an officer known as Sthanik, a counter part to the present superintendent of police. On a unit of 10 to 40 houses there used to be an officer known as Gop and his duty was not only to provide security to the residents but also keep a close eye on their activities. Guards known as Rakshak used to patrol the lane and bi-lane of the city and city and stationed at Chatushakhas (Chaukies) and Gulm (Gumaties). In nutshell this was the organizational structure of police at district level during Mauryan times. Kautilya is his Arthasastra, has described at length, nine groups of spies who were utilized for exercising watch on different kinds of people, including government officials, citizens, thieves, adulterators, criminals, forgers, coiners assassins and poisoners. But they had limited powers to exercise of arms. At the time of the Maurya rulers, there were courts of judges (Dharma * Sthaniya) and police Magistrates (Kantaksodhana). The criminal law was severe and stringent. The defender of the citadel was known as kotpala and protection of city as Nagarpala. The present work kotwal and kotwali have bceh drafted from kotpal of ancient times. The Sanskrit word ‘Gulma’ became Gumma in Prakrit, and then it was extended with an affix to give our modem word Gumti which is still in use to mean round towers to observe movement of people and goods from the work chatushka, the modern chowki and chowkidar has been derived. Likewise, one prahara or duty period, and the word ‘Pahra’ meant ‘watchman’ with a fixed duty’, the contemporary word ‘Pahra’ had probably been derived from this. At that time, policemen were on duty for three hours at a time. The gramini was remunerated in cash and was assisted by any informal council of village ciders. He is not mentioned as being generally responsible for the police duties of the village but had the power to expel from the village. Thieves and adulterers try some minor offences and impose fines in certain cases. In the areas intcr-vcning between villages, there were Vivitadhyakshas who inquired into the whereabouts of passersby, checked passports and protected travelers from thieves, dacoits and wild animals. They had hunters and guards accompanied by dogs to watch the approach of thieves or gangs of outlaws, and issued warnings of dangers to villagers through men on horse-back, beat of drum, blowing of conches, carrier or by means of a scries of bearer fires. At the ferries there were Navadhyakshas to check the passports of travelers and to arrest suspects.

Lottery By Shirley Jackson Essays (744 words) - Dystopian Literature

Lottery By Shirley Jackson In many stories, settings are constructed to help build the mood and to foreshadow of things to come. "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time of year the story takes place. This is important to get the reader to focus on what a typical day it is in this small town. The time of day is set in the morning and the time of year is early summer. She also describes that school has just recently let out for summer break, letting the reader infer that the time of year is early summer. Shirley Jackson also seems to stress on the beauty of the day and the brilliance of nature. This provides the positive outlook and lets the reader relax into what seems to be a comfortable setting for the story. In addition, the description of people and their actions are very typical and not anomalous. Children play happily, women gossip, and men casually talk about farming. Everyone is coming together for what seems to be enjoyable, festive, even celebratory occasion. However, the pleasant description of the setting creates a faade within the story. The setting covers the very ritualistic and brutally violent traditions such as the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson, who dared to defy tradition. It is very apparent that tradition is very coveted in this small, simple town. This can be proven by the ancient, black box used for the lottery and the significance of farming for the community. Farming is also the only known way of life because of tradition. The men in "The Lottery" are "speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes". This is because the ritual performed in the story is supposed to have an effect on the harvest. "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon" used to be a saying heard in that town. The abundance of their harvest supposedly depended upon their performing the ritual of the lottery. Although it is implied that the abundance of their harvest depends wholly on cruel act of stoning a human being to death, there is evidence that not all in the community agree with the ritual. Children are an important focus in "The Lottery". Jackson makes it easy for us to imagine their "boisterous play" and the children are described in depth. I think these children symbolize perceived states of happiness in the story. I also believe they are vital necessities in the story because they are taught and expected to carry the traditions. For instance, "someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles" so that he will then be able to participate in the stoning of his own mother. In the story, many parts of the ritual had been changed or even long forgotten by most of the people. This fact in itself, along with a few other clues, tells me that not everyone agrees with it. One character says, "seems like there's no time at all between lotteries anymore". This means that the lottery is much too frequent or should not even be done at all. I believe that many disagree with the practice of the ritual, I also think that the individual feels helpless in putting a stop to it. Mrs. Adams mentions to Old Man Warner, "that over in the north village they're talking of giving up the lottery" and that "Some places have already quit the lotteries". He replies "Pack of crazy fools" and says, "There's always been a lottery". Although she does not say it in so many words, I find it obvious that she feels that the ritual should be put to an end. This in combination with the fact that many of the townspeople do not even remember the reasons behind the ritual has led me to the conclusion that they only continue the process for "tradition's sake". It just goes to show that humans are creatures of habit and that sometimes we continue to participate in (or tolerate) harmful practices. This is simply because as individuals we feel powerless and unable to stand up against behaviors that have always been accepted. The setting

Study on Liza Minnelli essays

Study on Liza Minnelli essays The pinnacle of Liza Minnelli ¡s career as an actress is her role as Sally Bowles in Cabaret. The movie is a terrific piece, scoring seven academy awards in 1972, including Minnelli ¡s Oscar for Best Actress. Bob Fosse, the director, has brilliantly illustrated the lives of several people and the time they lived in. All characters driven by sympathetic goals, but their futures are complicated by the events of their locale ¡XGermany in 1931, the dawn of Nazi dominion. Intertwined in the narrative of these characters ¡ stories are musical scores, complete with girls and dancing, to emphasize and/or to foreshadow the intensity of these lives. Minnelli ¡s contribution to Cabaret lies in her superb portrayal of Sally Bowles, the singer of the Kit Kat Klub. Bowles is a bundle of contradictions. In the beginning of the film, the audience is greeted by her flightiness when she first meets Brian Roberts, the Englishman of letters who is to become her housemate. She flits ab out, throwing comments, making impressions and changing topics of conversations. At one point, she asks him to tell her all about himself, but interrupts him before he begins. She carries herself very swiftly and very self-assuredly, perhaps to allow no audible rejections. Nonetheless, by midway of the film, Sally ¡s strong will and ability to face reality with humor seep out. She is not easily embarrassed (by Brian ¡s rejection when she made a seductive move on him); she is not beaten by her father ¡s lack of love for her; she undergoes an abortion to keep her dream of becoming a movie star afloat; she is aware of her gold-digging motives. Minnelli could pull off Sally ¡s idiosyncrasies because she doesn ¡t demonize Sally ¡s flamboyance, nor glorify Sally ¡s strength to survive. She played Sally with one specific action: Sally ¡s thirst for attention, hence she can say vain little lines ¡X ¡Do I shock you, darling? ¡Ã‚ ¡Xand commit adultery without aggra va...

Terrorism Contrasted With Historical Events Research Paper

Terrorism Contrasted With Historical Events - Research Paper Example The US increasingly became aggressive in their quest to end terrorism. This meant that either way terrorism had to come to an end that is no matter which way they were going to use. The US troops continued bombarding the Middle East and turned the place bloody with those escaping death finding themselves in major prisons in that area. One notorious prison in Iraq in the name of Abu Ghraib soon became the home of captives. Later on many Iraqis were held captive in this prison by the bush administration and it is for this reason that the prison came into light. Historical pundits have described the prison as one of the most controversial following the acts committed there by the Bush administration. Though it was right to some extend to capture suspects of terrorism in Middle East, it was equally wrong to do so without trial or some sort of analysis to capture real terrorist (Brust 2007). It was terribly wrong to torture the captives as well. This kind of events would later bring on ma ny question about the Bush administration and whether the alleged crimes actually took place. A significant number of people confirmed this acts including Bush himself after pictures of mistreated prisoners in Abu Ghraib went on air. With all these coming to light, Bush was quick to turn around everything by issuing an apology an even ordering the detention of the alleged perpetrators. In fact most soldiers were detained following the same. This gave Bush credit and to some extend showed the world that he actually wanted fairness and that his only aim was to counter terrorism. For him the alleged acts were a crime and he showed it by disapproving them. It was a good gesture to the world since almost everybody wants to end terrorism. Bush administration was getting credit for trying their best to do away with terrorism. Allegation of human torture, rape ,murder and even sodomy and homicide in

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Analysis - Essay Example It stresses mostly on work, and the talents and skills that the company seeks in its applicants (DreamWorks Animation SKG). There is also mention of the diversity among the employees (DreamWorks Animation SKG), and a lot of emphasis on the company’s philosophy regarding its work and its employees (DreamWorks Animation SKG). It does mention that the work is collaborative (DreamWorks Animation SKG), so that is an indication of the fact that employees do enjoy job sharing opportunities to balance work and personal life. Much of the information regarding the work-life relationship of the company can be obtained from the Fortune Magazine website (100 Best Companies). It mentions that the company offers job sharing (100 Best Companies), as previously mentioned, and there is also the option of telecommuting (100 Best Companies), which makes it easier for the employees to work even from home if the need arises. However, the company website explicitly states that the work is very demanding and time consuming, and free time is hard to get (DreamWorks Animation SKG). That could be daunting for an employee who is trying to balance a personal life along with his work. Moreover, the company does not offer compressed workweeks (100 Best Companies). There is a fair chance of a good balance between work and personal life if I were to work for this company. However, given the nature and demand of the work, and my aim of maintaining a balance, I would rather look elsewhere first before settling on this

Effect of Business and Management on SACCOs

Effect of Business and Management on SACCOs The background gives a brief history of the savings and credit cooperative societies, highlights its importance to the society and touches on the problems that have influenced its performance of its roles and finally on the possible solutions or causes of actions. This preambles the statement of the problem, the purpose, significance, scope and limitations of the study together with the research questions. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY One of the basic principles of Cooperative Savings and Credit Movement is the belief in co-operation and mutual self help for the uplifting of members standards of living. Kussco(2006). Members with a common bond join hands to form those quasi-banks institutions. With finances mobilized through such joint efforts the savings and credit society members build up the capital which they can use through local arrangements to finance their own social as well as economic development. The traditional form of cooperation involved working together on farms, hunting and gathering. All people have basic needs of food, shelter, security and belonging. People would invite neighbors to come and give a hand. Also people did not have money and resources, which enables individuals to employ people or machinery to do the work for them. In any community cooperation usually exists in the form of associations of people who come together as a group driven by their social and economic needs in order to cope with their problems and improve their conditions of living MOCD (2006) According to Odepo and Nyawinda (2004) , savings and credit cooperatives societies (commonly referred to as SACCOs), accept monthly payments for shares from which, members may borrow an amount equivalent to two or three times their own savings if they can get other members to guarantee them. They say that growth in SACCOs in the last twenty years has been spectacular. According to statistics from Kenya Union Of Savings and Credit Cooperative societies   (KUSCCO), the number of SACCOs rose from 630 in 1978 to 3,870 by the end of October 2002 while savings and share capital rose from Kshs. 375 million   in 1978 to Kshs. 80billion by 2003. Credit outreach similarly recorded significantly, having risen from 357 million in 1978 to kshs. 70 billion by 2003. Saccos active members numbered over 1.5 million by 2002 having risen from 378,500 members in 1978. Their rapid growth indicate that they have filled a need which had not been made by the financial institutions. Of the Kshs. 110 bill ion in the current share capital and deposits held by cooperatives, the statistics show that Kshs. 90 billion has been lent out to customers. However, the recent statistics from the ministry of cooperative development and marketing shows the position as below The internal management principles need to be enforced strongly to improve efficiency of collections, and even perhaps consider insuring the loans in case of demise of member loaned. The Sacco movement has the capacity to propel the economic lives of the citizens if indeed it is well managed. Its principles of democratic management, voluntary membership and common bond give it the base to take its members to new heights. The movement has been a boon for this country and many people would not be where they are now were it not for the harvests of the opportunities sowed in the garden of the movement. It mobilizes savings and finance and penetrates to areas not valued by other financial institutions, while serving special needs of members. The prospects for the industry are so huge. By identifying the fact that the easiest source of funding is the locally mobilized savings, the saccos should come up with innovative ideas to encourage the members of the common bond to save, as a first step. Other sources of funds like the cooperative bank, which all the saccos have a stake in, should be considered exhaustively. Besides they should think outside the box and get organi zations willing to empower members economically by allowing loans at a rate less than what saccos offer to its members. The saccos umbrella body- Kussco- has a fund to assist the member saccos when they are in need of the funds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( www.kusco.com) Saccos face numerous challenges that hinder the exploitation of their full potential. Mudibo(2005) raised concerns on the calibre of leaders who run saccos noting that since these are voluntary organizations, members can elect anybody they like, who may not necessarily have the skills to run a sacco. He suggested that before a member is elected, he should have certain number of shares so that he has something to loose if he mismanages the sacco. Non remittance and delayed remittance of cooperative dues by employers has led to inconveniences and loss of income by the societies. New rules have however provided stiff penalties for errant employers. Members are also at risk due to HIV/AIDS and ways to attract new members are required. Ngumo (2005), in his article the cooperative movement in Kenya; the eagle that wont fly Nairobi, Kenya institute of management raises several unsettled issues affecting the saccos. First the government should decide on whether to control or facilitate the cooperatives. Cooperative roles should be re-emphasized. One member one vote should be questioned. Instead he suggests the policy of one share one vote. Still, ownership and control should be de-linked for good corporate governance. Then business strategies need further scrutiny before implementation. He concludes that it will be sad for Kenyans to compose a eulogy for the movement after all this time. He said; We cannot milk a cow, refuse to feed it, cry that it was wonderful cow and blame God for its demise. According to National Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) Baseline Survey (1999/2000), Kenya has a relatively well developed banking and formal financial sector. This consists of the Central Bank, 43 commercial banks, 16 non-bank financial institutions, 2 mortgage finance companies, 4 building societies , 8 developed financial institutions about 3870 cooperative savings and credit societies, 38 insurance companies, the Nairobi stock exchange and venture capital companies. The survey further indicates that nearly 89.6% of MSEs had never received credit and other financial services. Table 1.2 Sources of credit   to MSEs in Kenya 2000 Source: National MSE Baseline survey 1999/2000 (CBS, K-rep and ICEG) The unserved credit needs portrayed by the statistics in the table 1.2 in the background section above signifies a wealth of opportunities untapped by all the financial institutions. The proof of the existence of market implies that a lot needs to be done to raise what it takes to serve a market. The most basic need is the finance to lend in a discipline way. Voluntary savings from members is therefore imperative. Saccos abilities to improve their members wealth is determined by a number of factors, among them is the funding levels due to members marginal propensity to save, contributions; remittance by the employers, legal and regulatory framework, internal management principles and practices (e.g customer service, marketing, dividend / interest payment etc) amongst other factors. These factors level of influence on saccos ability to perform captured the attention of the researcher. It was the intention of the researcher to examine them and possibly recommend on the best way to miti gate the underlying challenges and take advantage of the available opportunities by exploiting existing strengths. Voluntary deposits / savings as a source of commercial finance for micro credit institution have generated a lot of interest and debate in recent years. Locally mobilized voluntary savings is potentially the largest and the most immediately available source of finance for some micro credit institutions, most of all the saccos. Bearing this in mind, one is left to wonder what is hindering the saccos from prosperity, given the access to its resources and the wealth of its opportunities. The purpose of this research is to broaden the discussion of what, when, why and how a sacco should use its resources, get the right framework, apply effective policies for improvement of the wealth of its members. Getting these elements right is a crucial part of meeting the demand for the unmet credit needs. The researcher will also seek to bridge the gap that exist between Saccos that have exemplary performance in their services to members and excellent returns and some others which barely afford to offer loans, leave alone dividends. According to Armstrong, performance is often defined in output terms the achievement of quantified objectives. But performance is a matter not only of what people achieve but how they achieve it. High performance result from appropriate behaviour, especially discretionary behaviour, and the effective use of the required knowledge, skills and competencies. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Quite a number of Saccos e.g TENA sacco, have a long string of pending loan applications from members SACCO star ( 2006) . Some saccos pay out little or no dividends/ interests on members savings. Some others still have a low loan multiplier and / or limited concurrent loans compared to some well performing counterparts e.g Stima Sacco, Sacco star,(2006)- which has even started ATM services for FOSA customers and manages to advance more that three times the members deposits, can give up to four concurrent loans without closing any applications for the year and gives loans almost immediately it is applied for by the member , (mwaura (2004). Among the major problems hindering this is the unavailability of much needed cash to lend, when it is required. This therefore causes a mismatch in the availability of funds and the demand for loans. Other reasons could be poor investment decisions or lack of investment opportunities or delayed cash flow from employers/ members among others. Rutherford (1999) wrote that funding these large sums of money is the main management problem. The only reliable and sustainable way is to build them from savings. Saving- making a choice not to consume- is thus the fundamental and unavoidable first step in money management, without which financial services cannot operate. The poor themselves recognize the need to build savings into lump sums and contrary to the popular belief, the poor want to save and try to save, and all poor people except those who are entirely outside the cash economy can save something, no matter how small, When poor people do not save, it is for luck of opportunity rather for lack of understanding or of will. Most of the saccos have succeeded in mobilization of savings from members. Inspite of this, still they have a huge backlog in terms of loans advanced to members (Sacco star, 2005). Furthermore, most of the saccos pay little dividends/interests on deposits or none at all, in-spite of trading with the deposits/savings. It was therefore the intention of the researcher to seek to establish the determinants of saccos capabilities to improve its members well being. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Main Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate and refine our understanding of the major factors that determine the performance of saccos to enable them maximize their members wealth. Specific objective Specifically, the study sought: To find out the extend to which the nature of business/ check off system affects performance of SACCOs To establish the relationship between management practices and performance of SACCOs To examine the level of education and training of general members, committee members staff and their effects on performance of SACCOs To determine if long term investment affects performance of SACCOs 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS To what extent does the nature of business/ check off system affect performance of SACCOs? Do management practices affect performance of SACCOs? Is education and training of general members, committee members staff a factor that affects the performance of SACCOs? Does long term investment affect the performance of SACCOs? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is aimed at developing an understanding on major factors determining the accessibility to funds to process and dispense all loan requisitions in time by saccos in Kenya. It is seeking to examine and underscore the salient principles that have a bearing in the success in similar or related areas of focus, and hence suggest ways and means of overcoming failure. The study is aimed at benefiting, among others, the management teams. These are the people entrusted by the members to take care of their interests in saccos. They will study to understand and improve on policy setting and implementation for overall sustainability of the sector. The entire sacco membership will also get enlightened. The members of the common bond will appreciate their role in sustaining their welfare through sacco as a vehicle. They will be more willing to take a center role instead of quiting when they feel their interests are not being taken care of by the people they entrusted them with. It will also benefit the sacco staff/secretariate; these are the people who get their daily bread from the sacco. They will understand their role in the growth of the organization, hence acting to secure their source of livelihood. It will also be of good use to the government department in charge of cooperatives. The report will bring to light issues requiring framework and only them can attend to for the overall sustainability of the sacco industry. Finally other researchers in this area will find this useful. They will get recommendations for further research from this study. The beneficiaries will have access to the information on the findings from the compiled report. The final report will be available in selected major libraries, organized groups, especially the respondents will get a copy of the report on the findings. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This studys scope was the saccos based in Eldoret. The researcher selected a suitable sample from the population by purposive convenience sampling. According to the statistics from MOCD/M, there are about 10 such saccos within Eldoret town. About 40 % of the population (4 saccos) were covered by the study. The study targeted the members of the central management committee (CMC) in the selected SACCOs. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to literature review This section contains literature that has been reviewed and continues to be reviewed relating to the problem. Literature review involves locating, reading and evaluating reports of previous studies, observations and opinions relating to the planned study. It therefore enables the researcher to know what has been done in the particular field of study, makes one aware of what has been made and what challenges remain, and gives suggestions on the variables and procedures that could be used. Literature review logically leads to objectives on the study. 2.2 Past studies in the area 2.2.1 Background information According to Mwaura (2005) sessional paper No. 4 of 1987 on renewed growth through the cooperative movement highlighted the significance of the movement in national development. By this time there were 3500 registered cooperatives with more than 2million members and an annual turnover greater than 6billion. The paper noted that one in every two Kenyans derived its livelihood from the cooperative either directly or indirectly. The cooperative movement in Kenya is reputed to be the most advanced in the African continent. The Kenya Nordic agreement of 1967led to the establishment of the Cooperative college of Kenya at Langata, which is the main training ground for both ministry staff and the movement employees. According to MOCD (2002) the first Savings and credit Cooperatives in Kenya were started in the sixties. The Government annual economic survey shows that as at December 2002 there were more than 2,400 active SACCOS with membership in excess of 1.5 million people. Share capital stood at Kshs. 65 billion while outstanding loans were Kshs. 59 billion.. The structure of the cooperative movement in Kenya comprises of four tiers. These include the primary societies, secondary cooperatives, tertiary cooperatives and nationwide cooperatives. The Kenya Federal of Cooperatives (KNFC) is the only apex society in the movement. It was formed with an objective of promoting, developing, guiding, assisting and upholding ideas of the cooperative principles. KNFC is the link between cooperatives in Kenya and the international cooperative alliance. Of special mention here is the African Confederation of Cooperative Savings and Credit Associations (ACCOSCA), which is registered under the Societies Act, Chapter 108 of the laws of Kenya. Its area of operation is Africa and the adjacent islands. Its head-quarters is in Nairobi. It has twenty five affiliated organizations. It is affiliated to the International Cooperative Alliance through its members in the world council of Credit Unions (WOCCU). According to the cooperative Societies Act (Cap 490), persons desirous of forming a cooperative society must fill the prescribed form from the commissioner for cooperatives. It requires that at least ten members will sign the form, though for savings and credit the commissioner has been asked for more people. The form requires that the society makes its by-laws. For ease of convenience the commissioner has prepared model by-laws for the cooperative societies. The societies are nevertheless free to change these or come up with their own by-laws. The by-laws must detail the following; the name of the society, objects of the society, purposes to which its funds may be applied, disposal of surplus funds, qualifications for membership and terms and conditions of admission of members. For savings and credit cooperatives, the following are also includes, the rate of interest, the maximum amount loan-able, extension, renewal and recovery of loans and the consequences of default in the repayment of any sums due. On receipt of the application form the office of the commissioner will register the cooperative society on the advice of the cooperative officer in charge of the area of operation. Chapter 490 provides that no companies registered under the companys Act or any un-incorporated body of persons shall become a member of a registered society except with the written permission of the commissioner. It also provides that no person can join more than one cooperative society with unlimited liability. A member may nevertheless be allowed to join two or more cooperatives with limited liability if the two are in different areas of operation. A cooperative society just like a company, may be registered with or without limited liability. The commissioner has power to refuse to register a cooperative society. Nevertheless, the refusal must be given to the applicants in writing. Applicants can appeal to the minister for cooperative developments and finally to the high court. The commissioner may register the cooperative either provisionally or fully. A provision registration is given where some requirements for registration have not been met. The applicants are given a period o f one year to satisfy all conditions. A provisionally registered cooperative society may act as a fully registered in all ways. Upon registration such a cooperative society is deemed to have been registered on the date of the provisional registration. Upon registration a society becomes a body of corporate. According to Ouma(1980), the term cooperative in its widest sense simply means working together. In this context cooperation is as old as mankind and exists wherever the human family is found. Indeed such cooperation exists among animals, insects, bees and ants. Thus cooperation generally means working together for a common purpose. Thus group effort through traditional form of cooperation may be traced in all communities of the world. However its narrow sense as a movement, it means an association of people whose purpose for group work yields good results not only for the members but to the community in general and even to the humanity at large. Cooperative is a business organization by profit, but rather the result of mutual association whose objective is equitable economic betterment of man and the society in which he lives. According to the MOCD, cooperatives are regulated by a set of principals. These principles were formulated by a group of people who lived in a village in England known as Rochdale, and they are therefore referred to as Rochdale pioneers. They formed the first successful cooperative society   in 1884. This society which was a consumer cooperative society was formed in 1844 when Britain was undergoing industrial revolution. As a result of the revolution, a lot of people lost their jobs in the factories as machines were introduced to replace them. In addition to this there was general lack of credit and supply of essential commodities like salt, sugar, flour and cooking fat. Businessmen also took advantage of this situation and started offering impure products at high prices. It is against this background that Rochdale Pioneers decided to draw up some sort of principles which would guide their operation as cooperative society.   These principles were intended for the regulation of cooperative society as indicated by the great stress on the sale of pure products and the sale of goods for cash only. It was therefore found necessary to formulate the principles for adoption by other types of cooperatives. The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Commission of 1966 adopted the following principles which are genuine for the running of a genuine cooperative society:- Open and voluntary membership, democratic administration (one man, one vote), limited interest on share capital, payments of dividends and bonuses to members, promotion of education and cooperation with other cooperatives at local national and international levels. According to Ouma (1980), the traditional cooperatives have been in existence in Kenya, as it has been elsewhere, from time immemorial. Examples of such cooperative practices are to be found in Kenya. The group association is normally based on lineage according to the natural geographic environment in which the members of the group are born. This is usually based on clan or people who live within the same village. It can be stated with fair amount of certainty that the   traditional forms of cooperation do generally speaking, form the basis for the establishment of modern cooperative organizations. There is for instance in Luo, Saga whereby a group of people do ploughing, weeding or harvest for each member of the group in turn. In Kwath, members of the group look after their cattle together for three or more days consecutively, in turn. In Kikuyu there is what is called ngwatio (Mwethya in Kamba) whereby members of the group get together to build houses for themselves, each member of the group breinging what is required for the construction e.g. grass and poles. When the first house is completed then the members start on the next one. In Kisii, there is what is called obituary wherby men go on a job hunting exercise, and when they kill an animal, they will either divide it or take it home (village) where it mis cooked and eaten communally by all the villagers. Among the Kalenjin there is the practice of Kokwet wherby a group of people   would go out to harvest or weed the garden of their members in turn. The Kalenjin also have Loget whereby the men   go in a joint   effort to kill animals for food. According to Ouma(1980), practically all the ethnic groups in this country, whether small or big, has since time immemorial practiced mutual association in order to satisfy their needs socially, economically or otherwise. It is also necessary to point out that in the traditional forms of cooperatives, in contrast to the modern cooperatives, members had a great sense of commitment and belonging.. They had mutual trust and   were voluntarily involved in their activities and affairs.. It is of course not possible and it may not be expected that with the development of cosmopolitan populations consisting of different ethnic groups and tribes that members can still hold   together without some form of regulations. Hence the necessity to resort to legal reinforcement and education in order to develop efficient cooperative organizations. Although these associations of group effort could be deemed self help which is infect a for of cooperative , it is nevertheless true to say that the modern cooperative movement, born in Kenya during the beginning of twentieth century owed much of the cooperative idea to these earlier practices. It is also true that the modern cooperative associations in this country took a different approach and   mainly because of expediency. Its founders the British settlers- merely wanted to use it as a cheap means of business for easy profit making. They never spontaneously involved the indigenous people who already were familiar with cooperative effort. The early settlers were beset by very many problems as regards their agricultural activities. For instance prices for Agricultural products were very low, transport of the agricultural inputs and outputs to the markets by each individual settler were classical nightmares. Therefore this new system of farming with its large scale production caused the needs for associations by the few European farmers who undoubtedly had conceived the cooperative idea from the British cooperative movement back home. It will of course be recalled that the formal and successful cooperative organisations started in Britain in 1844. In 1908, they resolved to join together at a place called Lumbwa and formed Lumbwa cooperative Society Ltd. Although not registered as such under any cooperative Societies Act, it is deemed to be one of the modern cooperatives in Kenya. The main objective was to purchase merchandise; i.e. fertilizers, chemical seeds, and other agricultural inputs through collective effort, and to market their produce collectively thus taking advantage of the economy of scale. It would appear quite clear at this point that cooperatives in Kenya did not start as a poor mans defensive weapon against the exploitation by the middlemen, as it had started in Europe and elsewhere. It was on the contrary an easier means to enable the white settlers to receive high returns from their agricultural produce. Thus it was rather an economic necessity for the well to do and not the ordinary man with little or no means at all. It will be remembered that during this time, there was no cooperative societies ordinance to regulate and to assist the management of these cooperative efforts in Kenya. It is also not clear whether or   not Lumbwa Cooperative society ltd was registered even under the companies Act, otherwise calling it a co-operative society was misleading. However one thing remains certain, and that is that the settlers wanted to maximize their profits by trading under the pretext of a co-operative organisation, thereby enjoying its privileges. According to Ouma (1980) many self help groups, most of which were very small and un-economic, were started all over the country. But these were not economically viable and consequently had to be amalgamated into larger economic units. These were for instance Kenya farmers association (co-operatives), Kenya planters co-operative union, Kenya cooperative creameries and Horticultural cooperative union. It is a fact that these institutions formed the backbone and the base for formal cooperative movement in this country. These initial cooperative ventures in Kenya were unfortunately not quite in the spirit of the Rochdale Pioneer Cooperative Society. They never for example, observed the principle of membership, for no African could participate in it until later. The need to form formal cooperative organisations arose when some African peasant farmers realized that they were being exploited, especially by the Asian traders who were paying very low prices for their agricultural produce. As early as in the 1930s there were attempts to form cooperatives by the indigenous people of Kenya, in spite of lack of proper guidance. Of these early attempts two examples can be mentioned here, The Taita vegetable company and the Kisii coffee Growers cooperative. The farmers had 239 members and bought 3 lorries at the cost of $1170 out of the profits made from the operations. The group was producing, grading, transporting and selling on the mombasa market over 900,000Lbs of vegetables a year and the growers received over $4,500 out of a gross selling price of $ 6300. This was indeed too substantial an enterprise to be left without a legal basis. It was later registered as cooperative society. The Kisii coffee growers Association which was able to raise from the sale of its coffee a sum of $2470 of which   $1240 was paid out to the 251 members who had cultivated only 159 acres, but had already accumulated a surplus of $1065. In 1994, the British Colonial Office in London appointed Mr. W.K.H Campbell to come to investigate the possibilities of African participation in the cooperative organisations. He carried out his investigations by touring and visiting many towns and districts in the republic of Kenya and talking to the people. After all his investigations Mr. Campbell submitted his recommendations that subject to availability of capable staff attempts to organise cooperatives were worth while. It was also during this time that the first African Mr. Eliud Mathu was nominated to the legislative assembly, as the Kenya parliament was called then. He demanded in parliament and such people as Ex chief Koinange from outside, that the Government should come out openly to encourage African participation in the cooperative movement. It was as a result of Campbells recommendation that the cooperative societies (Registration) Amendment, Ordinance of 1932 was repealed and the cooperative societies Ordinance of 1945 was enacted under Cap. 287. It was as a result of this new ordinance that the department of cooperatives was created, although it was placed under different ministries at various times. Consequent to the establishment of the department, a registrar ( now called commissioner for cooperative Development) was appointed and together with his staff was responsible for registration and promotion of cooperative societies in the country. The 1945 cooperative societies ordinance further gave the registrar certain powers over cooperative societies, for example refusal to register a cooperative society, cancellation of certificate of registration, to audit societys books of accounts, authority to inspect books of society, authority to settle disputes in cooperat Effect of Business and Management on SACCOs Effect of Business and Management on SACCOs The background gives a brief history of the savings and credit cooperative societies, highlights its importance to the society and touches on the problems that have influenced its performance of its roles and finally on the possible solutions or causes of actions. This preambles the statement of the problem, the purpose, significance, scope and limitations of the study together with the research questions. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY One of the basic principles of Cooperative Savings and Credit Movement is the belief in co-operation and mutual self help for the uplifting of members standards of living. Kussco(2006). Members with a common bond join hands to form those quasi-banks institutions. With finances mobilized through such joint efforts the savings and credit society members build up the capital which they can use through local arrangements to finance their own social as well as economic development. The traditional form of cooperation involved working together on farms, hunting and gathering. All people have basic needs of food, shelter, security and belonging. People would invite neighbors to come and give a hand. Also people did not have money and resources, which enables individuals to employ people or machinery to do the work for them. In any community cooperation usually exists in the form of associations of people who come together as a group driven by their social and economic needs in order to cope with their problems and improve their conditions of living MOCD (2006) According to Odepo and Nyawinda (2004) , savings and credit cooperatives societies (commonly referred to as SACCOs), accept monthly payments for shares from which, members may borrow an amount equivalent to two or three times their own savings if they can get other members to guarantee them. They say that growth in SACCOs in the last twenty years has been spectacular. According to statistics from Kenya Union Of Savings and Credit Cooperative societies   (KUSCCO), the number of SACCOs rose from 630 in 1978 to 3,870 by the end of October 2002 while savings and share capital rose from Kshs. 375 million   in 1978 to Kshs. 80billion by 2003. Credit outreach similarly recorded significantly, having risen from 357 million in 1978 to kshs. 70 billion by 2003. Saccos active members numbered over 1.5 million by 2002 having risen from 378,500 members in 1978. Their rapid growth indicate that they have filled a need which had not been made by the financial institutions. Of the Kshs. 110 bill ion in the current share capital and deposits held by cooperatives, the statistics show that Kshs. 90 billion has been lent out to customers. However, the recent statistics from the ministry of cooperative development and marketing shows the position as below The internal management principles need to be enforced strongly to improve efficiency of collections, and even perhaps consider insuring the loans in case of demise of member loaned. The Sacco movement has the capacity to propel the economic lives of the citizens if indeed it is well managed. Its principles of democratic management, voluntary membership and common bond give it the base to take its members to new heights. The movement has been a boon for this country and many people would not be where they are now were it not for the harvests of the opportunities sowed in the garden of the movement. It mobilizes savings and finance and penetrates to areas not valued by other financial institutions, while serving special needs of members. The prospects for the industry are so huge. By identifying the fact that the easiest source of funding is the locally mobilized savings, the saccos should come up with innovative ideas to encourage the members of the common bond to save, as a first step. Other sources of funds like the cooperative bank, which all the saccos have a stake in, should be considered exhaustively. Besides they should think outside the box and get organi zations willing to empower members economically by allowing loans at a rate less than what saccos offer to its members. The saccos umbrella body- Kussco- has a fund to assist the member saccos when they are in need of the funds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ( www.kusco.com) Saccos face numerous challenges that hinder the exploitation of their full potential. Mudibo(2005) raised concerns on the calibre of leaders who run saccos noting that since these are voluntary organizations, members can elect anybody they like, who may not necessarily have the skills to run a sacco. He suggested that before a member is elected, he should have certain number of shares so that he has something to loose if he mismanages the sacco. Non remittance and delayed remittance of cooperative dues by employers has led to inconveniences and loss of income by the societies. New rules have however provided stiff penalties for errant employers. Members are also at risk due to HIV/AIDS and ways to attract new members are required. Ngumo (2005), in his article the cooperative movement in Kenya; the eagle that wont fly Nairobi, Kenya institute of management raises several unsettled issues affecting the saccos. First the government should decide on whether to control or facilitate the cooperatives. Cooperative roles should be re-emphasized. One member one vote should be questioned. Instead he suggests the policy of one share one vote. Still, ownership and control should be de-linked for good corporate governance. Then business strategies need further scrutiny before implementation. He concludes that it will be sad for Kenyans to compose a eulogy for the movement after all this time. He said; We cannot milk a cow, refuse to feed it, cry that it was wonderful cow and blame God for its demise. According to National Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) Baseline Survey (1999/2000), Kenya has a relatively well developed banking and formal financial sector. This consists of the Central Bank, 43 commercial banks, 16 non-bank financial institutions, 2 mortgage finance companies, 4 building societies , 8 developed financial institutions about 3870 cooperative savings and credit societies, 38 insurance companies, the Nairobi stock exchange and venture capital companies. The survey further indicates that nearly 89.6% of MSEs had never received credit and other financial services. Table 1.2 Sources of credit   to MSEs in Kenya 2000 Source: National MSE Baseline survey 1999/2000 (CBS, K-rep and ICEG) The unserved credit needs portrayed by the statistics in the table 1.2 in the background section above signifies a wealth of opportunities untapped by all the financial institutions. The proof of the existence of market implies that a lot needs to be done to raise what it takes to serve a market. The most basic need is the finance to lend in a discipline way. Voluntary savings from members is therefore imperative. Saccos abilities to improve their members wealth is determined by a number of factors, among them is the funding levels due to members marginal propensity to save, contributions; remittance by the employers, legal and regulatory framework, internal management principles and practices (e.g customer service, marketing, dividend / interest payment etc) amongst other factors. These factors level of influence on saccos ability to perform captured the attention of the researcher. It was the intention of the researcher to examine them and possibly recommend on the best way to miti gate the underlying challenges and take advantage of the available opportunities by exploiting existing strengths. Voluntary deposits / savings as a source of commercial finance for micro credit institution have generated a lot of interest and debate in recent years. Locally mobilized voluntary savings is potentially the largest and the most immediately available source of finance for some micro credit institutions, most of all the saccos. Bearing this in mind, one is left to wonder what is hindering the saccos from prosperity, given the access to its resources and the wealth of its opportunities. The purpose of this research is to broaden the discussion of what, when, why and how a sacco should use its resources, get the right framework, apply effective policies for improvement of the wealth of its members. Getting these elements right is a crucial part of meeting the demand for the unmet credit needs. The researcher will also seek to bridge the gap that exist between Saccos that have exemplary performance in their services to members and excellent returns and some others which barely afford to offer loans, leave alone dividends. According to Armstrong, performance is often defined in output terms the achievement of quantified objectives. But performance is a matter not only of what people achieve but how they achieve it. High performance result from appropriate behaviour, especially discretionary behaviour, and the effective use of the required knowledge, skills and competencies. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Quite a number of Saccos e.g TENA sacco, have a long string of pending loan applications from members SACCO star ( 2006) . Some saccos pay out little or no dividends/ interests on members savings. Some others still have a low loan multiplier and / or limited concurrent loans compared to some well performing counterparts e.g Stima Sacco, Sacco star,(2006)- which has even started ATM services for FOSA customers and manages to advance more that three times the members deposits, can give up to four concurrent loans without closing any applications for the year and gives loans almost immediately it is applied for by the member , (mwaura (2004). Among the major problems hindering this is the unavailability of much needed cash to lend, when it is required. This therefore causes a mismatch in the availability of funds and the demand for loans. Other reasons could be poor investment decisions or lack of investment opportunities or delayed cash flow from employers/ members among others. Rutherford (1999) wrote that funding these large sums of money is the main management problem. The only reliable and sustainable way is to build them from savings. Saving- making a choice not to consume- is thus the fundamental and unavoidable first step in money management, without which financial services cannot operate. The poor themselves recognize the need to build savings into lump sums and contrary to the popular belief, the poor want to save and try to save, and all poor people except those who are entirely outside the cash economy can save something, no matter how small, When poor people do not save, it is for luck of opportunity rather for lack of understanding or of will. Most of the saccos have succeeded in mobilization of savings from members. Inspite of this, still they have a huge backlog in terms of loans advanced to members (Sacco star, 2005). Furthermore, most of the saccos pay little dividends/interests on deposits or none at all, in-spite of trading with the deposits/savings. It was therefore the intention of the researcher to seek to establish the determinants of saccos capabilities to improve its members well being. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Main Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate and refine our understanding of the major factors that determine the performance of saccos to enable them maximize their members wealth. Specific objective Specifically, the study sought: To find out the extend to which the nature of business/ check off system affects performance of SACCOs To establish the relationship between management practices and performance of SACCOs To examine the level of education and training of general members, committee members staff and their effects on performance of SACCOs To determine if long term investment affects performance of SACCOs 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS To what extent does the nature of business/ check off system affect performance of SACCOs? Do management practices affect performance of SACCOs? Is education and training of general members, committee members staff a factor that affects the performance of SACCOs? Does long term investment affect the performance of SACCOs? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is aimed at developing an understanding on major factors determining the accessibility to funds to process and dispense all loan requisitions in time by saccos in Kenya. It is seeking to examine and underscore the salient principles that have a bearing in the success in similar or related areas of focus, and hence suggest ways and means of overcoming failure. The study is aimed at benefiting, among others, the management teams. These are the people entrusted by the members to take care of their interests in saccos. They will study to understand and improve on policy setting and implementation for overall sustainability of the sector. The entire sacco membership will also get enlightened. The members of the common bond will appreciate their role in sustaining their welfare through sacco as a vehicle. They will be more willing to take a center role instead of quiting when they feel their interests are not being taken care of by the people they entrusted them with. It will also benefit the sacco staff/secretariate; these are the people who get their daily bread from the sacco. They will understand their role in the growth of the organization, hence acting to secure their source of livelihood. It will also be of good use to the government department in charge of cooperatives. The report will bring to light issues requiring framework and only them can attend to for the overall sustainability of the sacco industry. Finally other researchers in this area will find this useful. They will get recommendations for further research from this study. The beneficiaries will have access to the information on the findings from the compiled report. The final report will be available in selected major libraries, organized groups, especially the respondents will get a copy of the report on the findings. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This studys scope was the saccos based in Eldoret. The researcher selected a suitable sample from the population by purposive convenience sampling. According to the statistics from MOCD/M, there are about 10 such saccos within Eldoret town. About 40 % of the population (4 saccos) were covered by the study. The study targeted the members of the central management committee (CMC) in the selected SACCOs. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to literature review This section contains literature that has been reviewed and continues to be reviewed relating to the problem. Literature review involves locating, reading and evaluating reports of previous studies, observations and opinions relating to the planned study. It therefore enables the researcher to know what has been done in the particular field of study, makes one aware of what has been made and what challenges remain, and gives suggestions on the variables and procedures that could be used. Literature review logically leads to objectives on the study. 2.2 Past studies in the area 2.2.1 Background information According to Mwaura (2005) sessional paper No. 4 of 1987 on renewed growth through the cooperative movement highlighted the significance of the movement in national development. By this time there were 3500 registered cooperatives with more than 2million members and an annual turnover greater than 6billion. The paper noted that one in every two Kenyans derived its livelihood from the cooperative either directly or indirectly. The cooperative movement in Kenya is reputed to be the most advanced in the African continent. The Kenya Nordic agreement of 1967led to the establishment of the Cooperative college of Kenya at Langata, which is the main training ground for both ministry staff and the movement employees. According to MOCD (2002) the first Savings and credit Cooperatives in Kenya were started in the sixties. The Government annual economic survey shows that as at December 2002 there were more than 2,400 active SACCOS with membership in excess of 1.5 million people. Share capital stood at Kshs. 65 billion while outstanding loans were Kshs. 59 billion.. The structure of the cooperative movement in Kenya comprises of four tiers. These include the primary societies, secondary cooperatives, tertiary cooperatives and nationwide cooperatives. The Kenya Federal of Cooperatives (KNFC) is the only apex society in the movement. It was formed with an objective of promoting, developing, guiding, assisting and upholding ideas of the cooperative principles. KNFC is the link between cooperatives in Kenya and the international cooperative alliance. Of special mention here is the African Confederation of Cooperative Savings and Credit Associations (ACCOSCA), which is registered under the Societies Act, Chapter 108 of the laws of Kenya. Its area of operation is Africa and the adjacent islands. Its head-quarters is in Nairobi. It has twenty five affiliated organizations. It is affiliated to the International Cooperative Alliance through its members in the world council of Credit Unions (WOCCU). According to the cooperative Societies Act (Cap 490), persons desirous of forming a cooperative society must fill the prescribed form from the commissioner for cooperatives. It requires that at least ten members will sign the form, though for savings and credit the commissioner has been asked for more people. The form requires that the society makes its by-laws. For ease of convenience the commissioner has prepared model by-laws for the cooperative societies. The societies are nevertheless free to change these or come up with their own by-laws. The by-laws must detail the following; the name of the society, objects of the society, purposes to which its funds may be applied, disposal of surplus funds, qualifications for membership and terms and conditions of admission of members. For savings and credit cooperatives, the following are also includes, the rate of interest, the maximum amount loan-able, extension, renewal and recovery of loans and the consequences of default in the repayment of any sums due. On receipt of the application form the office of the commissioner will register the cooperative society on the advice of the cooperative officer in charge of the area of operation. Chapter 490 provides that no companies registered under the companys Act or any un-incorporated body of persons shall become a member of a registered society except with the written permission of the commissioner. It also provides that no person can join more than one cooperative society with unlimited liability. A member may nevertheless be allowed to join two or more cooperatives with limited liability if the two are in different areas of operation. A cooperative society just like a company, may be registered with or without limited liability. The commissioner has power to refuse to register a cooperative society. Nevertheless, the refusal must be given to the applicants in writing. Applicants can appeal to the minister for cooperative developments and finally to the high court. The commissioner may register the cooperative either provisionally or fully. A provision registration is given where some requirements for registration have not been met. The applicants are given a period o f one year to satisfy all conditions. A provisionally registered cooperative society may act as a fully registered in all ways. Upon registration such a cooperative society is deemed to have been registered on the date of the provisional registration. Upon registration a society becomes a body of corporate. According to Ouma(1980), the term cooperative in its widest sense simply means working together. In this context cooperation is as old as mankind and exists wherever the human family is found. Indeed such cooperation exists among animals, insects, bees and ants. Thus cooperation generally means working together for a common purpose. Thus group effort through traditional form of cooperation may be traced in all communities of the world. However its narrow sense as a movement, it means an association of people whose purpose for group work yields good results not only for the members but to the community in general and even to the humanity at large. Cooperative is a business organization by profit, but rather the result of mutual association whose objective is equitable economic betterment of man and the society in which he lives. According to the MOCD, cooperatives are regulated by a set of principals. These principles were formulated by a group of people who lived in a village in England known as Rochdale, and they are therefore referred to as Rochdale pioneers. They formed the first successful cooperative society   in 1884. This society which was a consumer cooperative society was formed in 1844 when Britain was undergoing industrial revolution. As a result of the revolution, a lot of people lost their jobs in the factories as machines were introduced to replace them. In addition to this there was general lack of credit and supply of essential commodities like salt, sugar, flour and cooking fat. Businessmen also took advantage of this situation and started offering impure products at high prices. It is against this background that Rochdale Pioneers decided to draw up some sort of principles which would guide their operation as cooperative society.   These principles were intended for the regulation of cooperative society as indicated by the great stress on the sale of pure products and the sale of goods for cash only. It was therefore found necessary to formulate the principles for adoption by other types of cooperatives. The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Commission of 1966 adopted the following principles which are genuine for the running of a genuine cooperative society:- Open and voluntary membership, democratic administration (one man, one vote), limited interest on share capital, payments of dividends and bonuses to members, promotion of education and cooperation with other cooperatives at local national and international levels. According to Ouma (1980), the traditional cooperatives have been in existence in Kenya, as it has been elsewhere, from time immemorial. Examples of such cooperative practices are to be found in Kenya. The group association is normally based on lineage according to the natural geographic environment in which the members of the group are born. This is usually based on clan or people who live within the same village. It can be stated with fair amount of certainty that the   traditional forms of cooperation do generally speaking, form the basis for the establishment of modern cooperative organizations. There is for instance in Luo, Saga whereby a group of people do ploughing, weeding or harvest for each member of the group in turn. In Kwath, members of the group look after their cattle together for three or more days consecutively, in turn. In Kikuyu there is what is called ngwatio (Mwethya in Kamba) whereby members of the group get together to build houses for themselves, each member of the group breinging what is required for the construction e.g. grass and poles. When the first house is completed then the members start on the next one. In Kisii, there is what is called obituary wherby men go on a job hunting exercise, and when they kill an animal, they will either divide it or take it home (village) where it mis cooked and eaten communally by all the villagers. Among the Kalenjin there is the practice of Kokwet wherby a group of people   would go out to harvest or weed the garden of their members in turn. The Kalenjin also have Loget whereby the men   go in a joint   effort to kill animals for food. According to Ouma(1980), practically all the ethnic groups in this country, whether small or big, has since time immemorial practiced mutual association in order to satisfy their needs socially, economically or otherwise. It is also necessary to point out that in the traditional forms of cooperatives, in contrast to the modern cooperatives, members had a great sense of commitment and belonging.. They had mutual trust and   were voluntarily involved in their activities and affairs.. It is of course not possible and it may not be expected that with the development of cosmopolitan populations consisting of different ethnic groups and tribes that members can still hold   together without some form of regulations. Hence the necessity to resort to legal reinforcement and education in order to develop efficient cooperative organizations. Although these associations of group effort could be deemed self help which is infect a for of cooperative , it is nevertheless true to say that the modern cooperative movement, born in Kenya during the beginning of twentieth century owed much of the cooperative idea to these earlier practices. It is also true that the modern cooperative associations in this country took a different approach and   mainly because of expediency. Its founders the British settlers- merely wanted to use it as a cheap means of business for easy profit making. They never spontaneously involved the indigenous people who already were familiar with cooperative effort. The early settlers were beset by very many problems as regards their agricultural activities. For instance prices for Agricultural products were very low, transport of the agricultural inputs and outputs to the markets by each individual settler were classical nightmares. Therefore this new system of farming with its large scale production caused the needs for associations by the few European farmers who undoubtedly had conceived the cooperative idea from the British cooperative movement back home. It will of course be recalled that the formal and successful cooperative organisations started in Britain in 1844. In 1908, they resolved to join together at a place called Lumbwa and formed Lumbwa cooperative Society Ltd. Although not registered as such under any cooperative Societies Act, it is deemed to be one of the modern cooperatives in Kenya. The main objective was to purchase merchandise; i.e. fertilizers, chemical seeds, and other agricultural inputs through collective effort, and to market their produce collectively thus taking advantage of the economy of scale. It would appear quite clear at this point that cooperatives in Kenya did not start as a poor mans defensive weapon against the exploitation by the middlemen, as it had started in Europe and elsewhere. It was on the contrary an easier means to enable the white settlers to receive high returns from their agricultural produce. Thus it was rather an economic necessity for the well to do and not the ordinary man with little or no means at all. It will be remembered that during this time, there was no cooperative societies ordinance to regulate and to assist the management of these cooperative efforts in Kenya. It is also not clear whether or   not Lumbwa Cooperative society ltd was registered even under the companies Act, otherwise calling it a co-operative society was misleading. However one thing remains certain, and that is that the settlers wanted to maximize their profits by trading under the pretext of a co-operative organisation, thereby enjoying its privileges. According to Ouma (1980) many self help groups, most of which were very small and un-economic, were started all over the country. But these were not economically viable and consequently had to be amalgamated into larger economic units. These were for instance Kenya farmers association (co-operatives), Kenya planters co-operative union, Kenya cooperative creameries and Horticultural cooperative union. It is a fact that these institutions formed the backbone and the base for formal cooperative movement in this country. These initial cooperative ventures in Kenya were unfortunately not quite in the spirit of the Rochdale Pioneer Cooperative Society. They never for example, observed the principle of membership, for no African could participate in it until later. The need to form formal cooperative organisations arose when some African peasant farmers realized that they were being exploited, especially by the Asian traders who were paying very low prices for their agricultural produce. As early as in the 1930s there were attempts to form cooperatives by the indigenous people of Kenya, in spite of lack of proper guidance. Of these early attempts two examples can be mentioned here, The Taita vegetable company and the Kisii coffee Growers cooperative. The farmers had 239 members and bought 3 lorries at the cost of $1170 out of the profits made from the operations. The group was producing, grading, transporting and selling on the mombasa market over 900,000Lbs of vegetables a year and the growers received over $4,500 out of a gross selling price of $ 6300. This was indeed too substantial an enterprise to be left without a legal basis. It was later registered as cooperative society. The Kisii coffee growers Association which was able to raise from the sale of its coffee a sum of $2470 of which   $1240 was paid out to the 251 members who had cultivated only 159 acres, but had already accumulated a surplus of $1065. In 1994, the British Colonial Office in London appointed Mr. W.K.H Campbell to come to investigate the possibilities of African participation in the cooperative organisations. He carried out his investigations by touring and visiting many towns and districts in the republic of Kenya and talking to the people. After all his investigations Mr. Campbell submitted his recommendations that subject to availability of capable staff attempts to organise cooperatives were worth while. It was also during this time that the first African Mr. Eliud Mathu was nominated to the legislative assembly, as the Kenya parliament was called then. He demanded in parliament and such people as Ex chief Koinange from outside, that the Government should come out openly to encourage African participation in the cooperative movement. It was as a result of Campbells recommendation that the cooperative societies (Registration) Amendment, Ordinance of 1932 was repealed and the cooperative societies Ordinance of 1945 was enacted under Cap. 287. It was as a result of this new ordinance that the department of cooperatives was created, although it was placed under different ministries at various times. Consequent to the establishment of the department, a registrar ( now called commissioner for cooperative Development) was appointed and together with his staff was responsible for registration and promotion of cooperative societies in the country. The 1945 cooperative societies ordinance further gave the registrar certain powers over cooperative societies, for example refusal to register a cooperative society, cancellation of certificate of registration, to audit societys books of accounts, authority to inspect books of society, authority to settle disputes in cooperat